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Description of  Surgical Anatomy for Endoscopic Sphenoethmoidectomy

The endoscopic sinus surgeon should be well aware of the anatomy of all paranasal sinus structures and their variations - among the most divergent structures of the human body - always keeping in mind that they are adjacent to vulnerable structures such as the anterior fossa dura, the orbit, the optic nerve and the internal carotid artery. Such knowledge of anatomy is the most crucial factor directly affecting the surgeon's skills, the outcomes of treatment, and the potential to prevent and master complications. Endoscopic sinus surgery is a procedure which should be performed by strictly following the principle of identifying the next anatomical landmark before removing the present one. There is no artificial model which might be used for practical training of surgical anatomical approaches to the complex and varying paranasal sinuses. This objective can only be achieved by performing anatomic dissections on fresh cadavers.