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Description of  Gray 39's Anatomy for Students

1 The Body ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 1, The Body, on STUDENT CONSULT (www.studentconsult.com) What is anatomy? How can gross anatomy be studied? Important anatomical terms The anatomical position Anatomical planes Terms to describe location Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal), medial and lateral, superior and inferior Proximal and distal, cranial and caudal, and rostral Superficial and deep Imaging Diagnostic imaging techniques Plain radiography Contrast agents Subtraction angiography Ultrasound Doppler ultrasound Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Diffusion-weighted imaging Nuclear medicine imaging Positron emission tomography Single photon emission computed tomography Image interpretation Plain radiography Chest radiograph Abdominal radiograph Gastrointestinal contrast examinations Urological contrast studies Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Nuclear medicine imaging Safety in imaging Body systems Skeletal system Cartilage Bone Joints Synovial joints Descriptions of synovial joints based on shape and movement Specific types of synovial joints (Fig. 1.20) Solid joints Skin and fascias Skin Fascia Muscular system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Lymphatic trunks and ducts Nervous system Central nervous system Brain Spinal cord Meninges Functional subdivisions of the CNS Somatic part of the nervous system Dermatomes Myotomes Visceral part of the nervous system Terminology Sympathetic system 1. Peripheral sympathetic innervation at the level of origin of the preganglionic fiber 2. Peripheral sympathetic innervation above or below the level of origin of the preganglionic fiber 3. Sympathetic innervation of thoracic and cervical viscera 4. Sympathetic innervation of the abdomen and pelvic regions and the adrenals Parasympathetic system Sacral preganglionic parasympathetic fibers Cranial nerve preganglionic parasympathetic fibers Visceral sensory innervation (visceral afferents) Visceral sensory fibers accompany sympathetic fibers Visceral sensory fibers accompany parasympathetic fibers The enteric system Nerve plexuses Somatic plexuses Visceral plexuses Other systems Clinical cases 2 Back ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 2, Back, on STUDENT CONSULT (www.studentconsult.com): Conceptual overview General description Functions Support Movement Protection of the nervous system Component parts Bones Typical vertebra Muscles Vertebral canal Spinal nerves Relationship to other regions Head Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis Limbs Key features Long vertebral column and short spinal cord Intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves Innervation of the back Regional anatomy Skeletal framework Vertebrae Typical vertebra Cervical vertebrae Atlas and axis Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Intervertebral foramina Posterior spaces between vertebral arches Joints Joints between vertebrae in the back Symphyses between vertebral bodies (intervertebral discs) Joints between vertebral arches (zygapophysial joints) “Uncovertebral” joints Ligaments Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments Ligamenta flava Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae Interspinous ligaments Back musculature Superficial group of back muscles Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor and rhomboid major Intermediate group of back muscles Deep group of back muscles Thoracolumbar fascia Spinotransversales muscles Erector spinae muscles Transversospinales muscles Segmental muscles Suboccipital muscles Spinal cord Vasculature Arteries Veins Meninges Spinal dura mater Arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space Pia mater Arrangement of structures in the vertebral canal Spinal nerves Nomenclature of spinal nerves Surface anatomy Back surface anatomy Absence of lateral curvatures Primary and secondary curvatures in the sagittal plane Useful nonvertebral skeletal landmarks How to identify specific vertebral spinous processes Visualizing the inferior ends of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space Identifying major muscles Clinical cases 3 Thorax ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 3, Thorax, on STUDENT CONSULT (www.studentconsult.com): Conceptual overview General description Functions Breathing Protection of vital organs Conduit Component parts Thoracic wall Superior thoracic aperture Inferior thoracic aperture Diaphragm Mediastinum Pleural cavities Relationship to other regions Neck Upper limb Abdomen Breast Key features Vertebral level TIV/V Venous shunts from left to right Segmental neurovascular supply of thoracic wall Sympathetic system Flexible wall and inferior thoracic aperture Innervation of the diaphragm Regional anatomy Pectoral region Breast Arterial supply Venous drainage Innervation Lymphatic drainage Breast in men Muscles of the pectoral region Pectoralis major Subclavius and pectoralis minor muscles Thoracic wall Skeletal framework Thoracic vertebrae Typical thoracic vertebra Articulation with ribs Ribs Distinct features of upper and lower ribs Rib I Rib II Rib X Ribs XI and XII Sternum Manubrium of the sternum Body of the sternum Xiphoid process Joints Costovertebral joints Joint with head of rib Costotransverse joints Sternocostal joints Interchondral joints Manubriosternal and xiphisternal joints Intercostal spaces Muscles Intercostal muscles External intercostal muscles Internal intercostal muscles Innermost intercostal muscles Subcostales Transversus thoracis muscles Arterial supply Posterior intercostal arteries Anterior intercostal arteries Venous drainage Lymphatic drainage Innervation Intercostal nerves Diaphragm Arterial supply Venous drainage Innervation Movements of the thoracic wall and diaphragm during breathing Pleural cavities Pleura Parietal pleura Peripheral reflections Visceral pleura Pleural recesses Costomediastinal recesses Costodiaphragmatic recesses Lungs Root and hilum Right lung Left lung Bronchial tree Bronchopulmonary segments Pulmonary arteries Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Bronchial arteries and veins Innervation Lymphatic drainage Mediastinum Anterior mediastinum Middle mediastinum Pericardium Fibrous pericardium Serous pericardium Vessels and nerves Heart Cardiac orientation Base (posterior surface) and apex Surfaces of the heart Margins and borders External sulci Cardiac chambers Right atrium Right ventricle Tricuspid valve Pulmonary valve Left atrium Left ventricle Mitral valve Aortic valve Cardiac skeleton Coronary vasculature Coronary arteries Right coronary artery. Left coronary artery. Variations in the distribution patterns of coronary arteries. Cardiac veins Great cardiac vein. Middle cardiac vein. Small cardiac vein. Posterior cardiac vein. Other cardiac veins. Coronary lymphatics Cardiac conduction system Sinu-atrial node Atrioventricular node Atrioventricular bundle Cardiac innervation Parasympathetic innervation Sympathetic innervation Visceral afferents Pulmonary trunk Ascending aorta Other vasculature Superior mediastinum Thymus Right and left brachiocephalic veins Left superior intercostal vein Superior vena cava Arch of aorta and its branches The first branch The second branch The third branch Ligamentum arteriosum Trachea and esophagus Nerves of the superior mediastinum Vagus nerves Right vagus nerve Left vagus nerve Phrenic nerves Right phrenic nerve Left phrenic nerve Thoracic duct in the superior mediastinum Posterior mediastinum Esophagus Relationships to important structures in the posterior mediastinum Arterial supply and venous and lymphatic drainage Innervation Esophageal plexus Thoracic aorta Azygos system of veins Azygos vein Hemiazygos vein Accessory hemiazygo